Secure IoT-Based Smart Healthcare: Integrating Blockchain and Deep Learning for Autonomous Clinics and Pharmaceutical Management
iacs CAI

Computing and Algorithm Insight

Computing and Algorithm Insight serves as a dynamic platform for researchers, scholars, and industry professionals,...

Publishing Model

Open Access
This journal published by Integra Academic Press

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized smart healthcare, proving indispensable during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the resource-constrained nature of IoT devices often precludes robust encryption, rendering systems vulnerable to privacy breaches and cyberattacks that threaten medical data integrity. To mitigate these risks, this study explores the synergy between IoT and blockchain technology to bolster security and transparency. Building on existing research, this paper outlines three key contributions: (1) an architecture for an autonomous, unsupervised medical clinic designed to deliver rapid care while minimizing infection exposure for staff; (2) a deep learning diagnostic model utilizing ResNet152 transfer learning for automated COVID-19 detection from X-ray images; and (3) a secure blockchain-enabled pharmaceutical distribution system. Experimental validation confirms that the proposed frameworks demonstrate the necessary efficacy, security, and robustness for reliable deployment in clinical environments.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT) Blockchain Technology Smart Healthcare Deep Learning COVID-19 Detection


References

Islam, S.; Islam, T.; Islam, M.R. New coronavirus variants are creating more challenges to global healthcare system: A brief report on the current knowledge. Clin. Pathol. 2022, 15, 2632010X221075584.

Chemali, S.; Mari-Sáez, A.; El Bcheraoui, C.; Weishaar, H. Health care workers’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Hum. Resour. Health 2022, 20, 27.

World Health Organization. The Impact of COVID-19 on Health and Care Workers: A Closer Look at Deaths. World Health Organization. 2021. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345300 (accessed on 17 March 2022).

Salih, K.O.M.; Rashid, T.A.; Radovanovic, D.; Bacanin, N. A comprehensive survey on the Internet of Things with the industrial marketplace. Sensors 2022, 22, 730.

Zhang, C.; Zhu, L.; Xu, C.; Lu, R. PPDP: An efficient and privacy-preserving disease prediction scheme in cloud-based e-healthcare system. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 2018, 79, 16–25.

Ali, H.M.; Liu, J.; Bukhari SA, C.; Rauf, H.T. Planning a secure and reliable IoT-enabled FOG-assisted computing infrastructure for healthcare. Clust. Comput. 2021, 25, 2143–2161.

Kumar, P.M.; Hong, C.S.; Afghah, F.; Manogaran, G.; Yu, K.; Hua, Q.; Gao, J. Clouds proportionate medical data stream analytics for internet of things-based healthcare systems. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 2021, 26, 973–982.

Namasudra, S. Fast and secure data accessing by using DNA computing for the cloud environment. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput. 2020, 15, 2289–2300.

Namasudra, S.; Deka, G.C.; Johri, P.; Hosseinpour, M.; Gandomi, A.H. The revolution of blockchain: State-of-the-art and research challenges. Arch. Comput. Methods Eng. 2020, 28, 1497–1515.

Sharma, P.; Moparthi, N.; Namasudra, S.; Shanmuganathan, V.; Hsu, C. Blockchain-based IoT architecture to secure healthcare system using identity-based encryption. Expert Syst. 2020, 39, e12915.

Liang, X.; Shetty, S.; Tosh, D.; Kamhoua, C.; Kwiat, K.; Njilla, L. Provchain: A Blockchain-Based Data Provenance Architecture in Cloud Environment with Enhanced Privacy and Availability. In Proceedings of the 2017 17th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGRID), Madrid, Spain, 14–17 May 2017; pp. 468–477.

Kish, L.J.; Topol, E.J. Unpatients—Why patients should own their medical data. Nat. Biotechnol. 2015, 33, 921.

Tariq, N.; Qamar, A.; Asim, M.; Khan, F. Blockchain and Smart Healthcare Security: A Survey. The 6th International Workshop on Cyber Security and Digital Investigation (CSDI). Procedia Comput. Sci. 2020, 175, 615–620.

Ali, A.; Khan, F.A. A broadcast-based key agreement scheme using set reconciliation for wireless body area networks. J. Med. Syst. 2014, 38, 33.

Khan, F.A.; Gumaei, A.; Derhab, A.; Hussain, A. A novel two-stage deep learning model for efficient network intrusion detection. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 30373.

Tariq, N.; Khan, F.A. Match the Sound Captcha. In Information Technology-New Generations; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; pp. 803–808.

Liang, X.; Zhao, J.; Shetty, S.; Liu, J.; Li, D. Integrating blockchain for data sharing and collaboration in mobile healthcare applications. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Montreal, QC, Canada, 8–13 October 2017; pp. 1–5.

Khalid, U.; Asim, M.; Baker, T.; Hung, P.C.; Tariq, M.A.; Rafferty, L. Adecentralized lightweight blockchain-based authentication mechanism for iot systems. Clust. Comput. 2020, 23, 2067–2087.

Linn, L.A.; Koo, M.B. Blockchain for Healthdata and Its Potential Use in Health IT and Healthcare Related Research. In Proceedings of the ONC/NIST Use of Blockchain for Healthcare and Research Workshop, Gaithersburg, MA, USA, 26–27 September 2016.

Hardin, T.; Kotz, D. Blockchain in Health Data Systems: A Survey. In Proceedings of the 2019 Sixth International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IOTSMS), Granada, Spain, 22–25 October 2019; pp. 490–497.

Yaqoob, I.; Salah, K.; Jayaraman, R.; Al-Hammadi, Y. Blockchain for healthcare data management: Opportunities, challenges, and future recommendations. Neural Comput. Appl. 2021, 34, 11475–11490.

Nakamoto, S. Bitcoin: A Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System. 2008. Available online: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf (accessed on 15 June 2020).

Dinh, T.T.A.; Liu, R.; Zhang, M.; Chen, G.; Ooi, B.C.; Wang, J. Untangling blockchain: A data processing view of block chain systems. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 2018, 30, 1366.

Pallivalappil, A.S.; Ahmad, S.S.; Raju, Y.; Kumar, C.K.; Krishnaiah, N. Applications of Ensuring Security and Privacy Using Block Chain with IoT for Health Record. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE), Greater Noida, India, 28–29 April 2022; pp. 1911–1917.

Shi, S.; He, D.; Li, L.; Kumar, N.; Khan, M.K.; Choo, K.K.R. Applications of Blockchain in Ensuring the Security and Privacy of Electronic Health Record Systems: A Survey. Comput. Secur. 2020, 97, 101966.

Gordon, W.J.; Catalini, C. Blockchain Technology for Healthcare: Facilitating the Transition to Patient-Driven Interoperability. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J. 2018, 16, 224–230.

Nguyen, D.C.; Pathirana, P.N.; Ding, M.; Seneviratne, A. E-Healthcare System Using Blockchain for Secure EHRs Sharing of Mobile Cloud Based with Machine Learning. Int. J. Sci. Dev. Res. 2020, 5, 66792–66806.

Solomon, D.H.; Rudin, R.S. Digital health technologies: Opportunities and challenges in rheumatology. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2020, 16, 525–535.

Gianfrancesco, M.A.; Goldstein, N.D. A narrative review on the validity of electronic health record-based research in epidemiology. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2021, 21, 234.

Kim, E.; Rubinstein, S.M.; Nead, K.T.; Wojcieszynski, A.P.; Gabriel, P.E.; Warner, J.L. The Evolving Use of Electronic Health Records (EHR) for Research. In Seminars in Radiation Oncology; WB Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2019; Volume 29, pp. 354–361.

Ahmad, R.W.; Salah, K.; Jayaraman, R.; Yaqoob, I.; Ellahham, S.; Omar, M. The role of blockchain technology in telehealth and telemedicine. Int. J. Med. Inform. 2021, 148, 104399.

Kassab, M.; DeFranco, J.; Malas, T.; Neto VV, G.; Destefanis, G. Blockchain: A panacea for electronic health records? In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/ACM 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for Healthcare (SEH), 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada, 27 May 2019; pp. 21–24.

Fang, H.S.A.; Tan, T.H.; Tan, Y.F.C.; Tan, C.J.M. Blockchain personal health records: Systematic review. J. Med. Internet Res. 2021, 23, e25094.

Katal, A.; Sethi, V.; Choudhury, T. Potential of Blockchain in Telemedicine. In Telemedicine: The Computer Transformation of Healthcare; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; pp. 167–184.

Mohammed, M.N.; Desyansah, S.F.; Al-Zubaidi, S.; Yusuf, E. An internet of things-based smart homes and healthcare monitoring and management system. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2020, 1450, 012079.

Cernian, A.; Tiganoaia, B.; Sacala, I.; Pavel, A.; Iftemi, A. PatientDataChain: A blockchain-based approach to integrate personal health records. Sensors 2020, 20, 6538.

Radiopaedia Web Page. Available online: https://radiopaedia.org/ (accessed on 1 August 2022).

SIRM Web Page. Available online: https://sirm.org/en/ (accessed on 1 August 2022).

EURORAD Web Page. Available online: https://www.eurorad.org/ (accessed on 1 August 2022).